The Pashtuns are the largest ethnic group in Afghanistan. In October, the bombing of a Hazara mosque in Kunduz resulted in the death of more than100 people. But Hazara lawmaker Arif Rahmani, a representative of Ghazni in the Afghan Parliament, rejected the claim that his community had ever concluded a deal with the Taliban. Comparatively, The kite runner, explores the disparity created by differences in cultural backgrounds. class="publication-detail-container cs-orange" Google searches can provide inform. Their Asiatic features and language a dialect of Persian set them apart from other Afghans, including the predominant ethnic Pashtun. Pashtun and hazara similarities between christianity. Turks and Pashtun Afghans do not belong to same ethnic group. These experiences have led some to consider Hazaras to be one of themost persecuted people in the world. Amir and Hassan have different ethnic groups: Amir is Pashtun and Hassan is Hazara. Social conditions are what shape a country. Theyre very similar in most ways, but just like Catholics and Protestants, they consider their comparatively small differences to be very important. It was initially thought that Blane Horton was the breeder for Rebel Starfighter Prime but this has been proven incorrect. This is an important theme throughout the novel as it will drastically affect the relation between Amir and Hassan because one is a Pashtun and one is . similarities between Pashtun and Hazara At least 5 please :) Expert Answer Answer:- Some of the key facts that I am presenting to you- you can see the similarities on the basis of Hazara Centered in the mountainous central region of Afghanistan. Their forceful and brutal integration into the nascent Afghan state by Abd al-Ramn Khns predominantly Pashtun armies sowed the seeds of lasting enmity between the Shii Hazara and the Sunni Pashtuns on both religious and ethnic grounds. Ethnic conflicts materializes between the two boys . In The Kite Runner, Khaled Hosseini shows that an individual's social status affects their future through the way Hazaras are treated in Afghanistan. Amir has to face that fact he is disloyal to his relationship with Hassan and begins personal growth. Even in America, Amir tries to bury his past, but he is always reminded of it. Then earlier this month, the organisation released evidence of another massacre in which 13 Hazaras, including a 17-year-old girl, were killed in late August in Daykundi province. Khaled Hosseini rehumanizes a culture which has been demonized by the generalizations of many individual Americans and many Hollywood films. What is the relationship between the Pashtuns and Hazaras? Adult males wear turbans known as pagray. Mohammad Amin, a resident of Ghazni, agrees with Mutmaeen and says the fighting was prompted by the breakdown of the unwritten truce. incomprehensible extent. Abubakar Siddique, a journalist for RFE/RL's Radio Azadi, specializes in the coverage of Afghanistan and Pakistan. (LogOut/ Pashtun culture is based on traditional code of Pashtunwali, whch tells the individual how to behave as individual and in the society. Many people grouped us into the same category because we are both Muslim, sometimes even mixing up our names. ; Historian Abdul Hai Habibi considers the word "Hazara" (hzr ) to be very old, and it is derived . After 2001, the Hazaras also continued to suffertargeted violenceat the hands of the Taliban and other armed groups. Pashtun as the majority race and ethnic in Afghanistan is Sunni Moslem while Hazara is Shia. This shows the hatred and disgust that the Sunni Muslims have for the Shia, and that the Sunni see the Shia as intruders that don't belong in Afghanistan. The international community must pressure the Taliban to guarantee the protection of the rights of the Hazara people, to ensure a genocide against them does not take place. Hazara leaders, for their part, deny they had engaged in any written or verbal understanding with the insurgents. When Amir showed the history book on the Hazaras to his teacher, he reacted with disgust, The following week, after class, I showed the book to my teacher and pointed to the chapter on the Hazaras. Hundreds have been killed and thousands displaced by the fighting, which began in late October. The US-led invasion of Afghanistan, which toppled the Taliban regime, brought new hopes for the Hazara people. Growing up in war torn Afghanistan during the invasion of the Soviets and the awakening rise of the Taliban destined the people of Afghanistan to never truly understand normalcy. With a longhistory of persecution, including by the Taliban, the Hazaras areright to fear a genocide. Hazara, also spelled azra, ethnolinguistic group originally from the mountainous region of central Afghanistan, known as Hazrajt. The Kuchi-Hazara Conflict, Again. If there was a Hazara residing in Kabul, the rumour was that he was either a beggar, servant or even both. While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. However, due to genetic and linguistic a This has resulted in their systemic lack of political power and influence in a Sunni Muslim . While the Hazaras are primarily Shia Muslims, most Afghans follow the Sunni branch of Islam. The Taliban referred to the IS militants as Uzbekistanis to distinguish them from Uzbeks in Afghanistan. The result of this study shows that racial discrimination in The Kite Runner is caused by social structural factors and social psychological factors. Therefore, it is unlikely that it would take any significant steps to protect the Shia of Afghanistan. Abductions, extortions and violent killings by groups operating under the banner of the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL, also known as ISIS) continue to take place. One of the most brutal events took place in the city of Mazar-i-Sharif in 1998, when thousands of Hazaras were systematically executed, according to a Human Rights Watch report . They bear Asian features and thus are easy to identify among other Afghanistan people. Significant communities of Hazara also exist in Iran and Baluchistan (Pakistan). Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty 2023 RFE/RL, Inc. All Rights Reserved. The disparity between social classes is evident in The Kite Runner between Amir and Hassan. While five were set free, the fate of the other 20 remains unknown, according to the UN. In The Kite Runner, by Khaled Hosseini the protagonist Amir is a higher level Afghan citizen who is best friends with Hassan, a lower level Hazara. Their Asiatic features and language a dialect of Persian set them apart from other Afghans, including the predominant ethnic Pashtun. The insurgents have also taken visible steps to ease Hazara fears that the hard-line Islamist movement has an anti-Shiite agenda. The World Bank and the International Monetary Fund have already stopped payments to Kabul, while the US has frozen the countrys assets held on US territory. Alteration Among | Colourful Assay afterwards Comparisons Answer Alteration: Hazaras are members of an Afghan cultural marginal assemblage, where the Pashtuns are a cohesive assemblage of tribes composing the largest cultural assemblage of Afghanistan. Company Information; FAQ; Stone Materials. Since the Pashtuns are in control, the Hazaras don't get much space in the official history of . Early sweet peppers are a great addition to any garden. The Pashtuns are of the Sunni religion whereas the Hazaras are the Shia, however both groups are considered Muslims; this is similar to Protestants and Catholics within Christianity. Hosseini expresses Amirs uncertain feelings toward Hassan which form the decisions he makes throughout the book. If you continue to use this site we will assume that you are happy with it. Sign in|Recent Site Activity|Report Abuse|Print Page|Powered By Google Sites. In 1993, President Burhanuddin Rabbani, worried by the positions that Hazara armed groups had taken in Kabuls Shia-majority areas, decided to launch an offensive against them. Each person interprets the impact of the role of belief and social status differently, while all living in the same setting, adding to their complexity and depth as a character in the novel with many different figures tied together by the same geographical and cultural conditions. Sociological approach and theories on racism and racial discrimination are used in this study. "The repeated kidnapping of Hazara women prompted them [the Hazaras] to kidnap 14 Pashtun women and children from Gazey village in the Khak-e Afghan district [of Zabul Province]," the report said. Thenewly appointedUnited Nations special rapporteur on Afghanistan must immediately investigate the systematic attacks and forced displacement of Hazaras to ensure those responsible are identified and held to account. If there was no fight between the Hazara and Pashtun people, then Baba would have been able to claim Hassan as his son. Here we discuss some of the most popular early sweet pepper varieties, their characteristics, and how they fare in different climates. Sitarah Mohammadi is a former Hazara refugee from Afghanistan, who spent 2019 as a Provost Scholar at the University of Oxford, undertaking studies in International Relations, and completed a dissertation on Australias refugee policy. In late September and early October, reports in Western media emerged of mass evictions of Hazara people from their ancestral homes and lands in Daykundi province. June 3, 2022 . Over the many years as a result of political unrest in Afghanistan some Hazaras have migrated to Iran. long live Afghanistan. Jatts definitely, pashtun are not known for heights, their average height is around 56, while in punjab jatts average height is 510 easily. However, we both practice the religion very differently and have very different perspectives. Despite ample rhetoric on the need to protect religious minorities, regional players have also not stepped in to help the Hazara people. Amir is a Pashtun, with a higher status and his servant , Hassan, is a Hazara. The dreadful social division between the two groups led to the Pashtuns gaining higher social rankings than the Hazaras and were able to receive. And its fighters made good on such threats. No your are wrong most of the hazars are Shia not Sunni. (LogOut/ Many people dont know that a divide even exists or are very ignorant when it comes to the religion and culture itself. Why Are The Taliban Attacking Hazaras In Afghanistan? Footnote 14 Their way of interacting has some similarities with friendship, even if the terms dust, yar or rafiq . He does this by developing universal themes which demonstrate that Afghans and Americans. In the late 1900s, Pashtun King Amir Abdul Rahman Khan ordered the killing of all Shias in central Afghanistan, leaving tens of thousands of Hazaras dead, according to anthropologist Thomas Barfield. Unfortunately, the website appears to be down and it is unclear if this is temporary or permanent. Baba adopted Hassan when he was a baby and he became their servant. Social status allows the powerful to gain more power, while pushing the struggling deeper into a hole. Even open-minded non-Hazaras with a high degree of education have admitted to me that they feel a certain discomfort when they encounter Hazaras in certain positions of authority in Afghanistan, says Melissa Chiovenda, an anthropology doctoral candidate at the University of Connecticut. Hazaras are considered as Persian speaking people and they mainly inhabit central Afghanistan. If Hassan was never raped, then Amir would not have felt the guilt that he did. Women wear bright colours and of lighter weights. Omissions? Pashtun as the majority race and ethnic in Afghanistan is Sunni Moslem while Hazara is Shi'a. Early Sweet Pepper Varieties: Which is Best for Your Climate and Taste? In the novel The Kite Runner, Khaled Hosseini purposely utilizes setting to play a pivotal role in the portrayal of an important focus when narrating a post 9/11 Afghan and American novel. While many Hazaras fled to Shia Iran, those who remained risked violence and even death. In 2015, Taliban militants killed dissident Taliban commander Mansoor Dadullah. The authors deliberate incorporation of Afghan and American settings over a 3-decade time frame successfully illustrates the differences and similarities between Eastern culture and Western culture, as well as highlighting the harm each culture cultivates. There are different schools of thought, says Ruttig. In Mazar-e-Sharif, a local Taliban court decided to expel some 2,000 families, again based on false claims that they do not own their homes. In The Kite Runner, it not only causes some bad impacts to Hassan's psychological health but also causes a plan to commit the genocide, slavery, and oppression act toward the Hazaras. In March, Hazaras held a protest in Kabul against the governments decision to move a proposed power line project out of Bamiyan, arguing that the decision was yet another form of ethnic discrimination. The religious and cultural definition requires Pashtuns to be Muslim and follow the Pashtunwali codes. In the novel The Kite Runner, the protagonist, Amir, is a young boy growing up in a well off family in Kabul, Afghanistan. The Hazara speak an eastern variety of Persian called Hazaragi with many Mongolian and Turkic words. Other reason why the Hazaras have been discriminated by Pashtun is their appearance that look like Chinese people. In Afghanistan, Hazarasthe ethnic minorityhave experienced ethnic discrimination by Pashtunsthe ethnic majoritybecause of a revolt dating back to the 18th century.Another form of discrimination in Afghanistan arises from the distinct religious groupsShiite and Sunni Muslims. Just another site who dismissed justice sajjad ali shah; jackson high school soccer; do military jets leave contrails Amir however, tries to learn more about the Hazaras by bringing his mothers book to school. The majority of Afghanistans population practice Sunni Islam, this may have contributed to the discrimination against them. Hazara people look distinctly different than the rest of the people in Afghanistan, as they have many Asian features. Unfortunately, the Taliban continued to harass and murder the Hazara people while they were in power. Pashtuns and Hazaras differ in terms of religious beliefs, cultural practices, social status, and physical appearances. Over a century we have been divided by our enemies (divide and role) and look where we are? The Hazaras concluded the most deals, he said. Amirs self image at the beginning of the novel is one in which he views himself as a coward, worthless and selfish. Ajvarski, Donkey's Ear, Gatherer's Gold, Jimmy Nardello, Lipstick, Melrose, Gypsy F1 hybrid, Mareko Fana, Stocky Red Roaster, Red Wonder, Little Bells and Sirenevyi are all discussed here. The Hazara people felt like their rights were being violated, so they fought back, unfortunately; more than 60% of the Hazara people were sold and killed while fighting for their rights. The aims of this study are to find out the causes of racial discrimination, to analyze examples of racial discrimination, and to analyze the impacts of racial discrimination as depicted in The Kite Runner. In 2013, German restorers from a UNESCO advisory body built pillars with feet-like bases on the site, reigniting the debate. (LogOut/ All Afghans face precarious and dangerous circumstances in their country, but the situation is particularly desperate for the Hazaras, who have been historically marginalised, dispossessed and massacred. Enter a Melbet promo code and get a generous bonus, An Insight into Coupons and a Secret Bonus, Organic Hacks to Tweak Audio Recording for Videos Production, Bring Back Life to Your Graphic Images- Used Best Graphic Design Software, New Google Update and Future of Interstitial Ads. Pashtuns, unlike the Hazaras, speak the language of Pashto and are Sunni Muslims. Growing up, I experienced this with my best friend Zainab. What kind of religion are the Hazaras of Afghanistan? The victims also included women," the report said. The views expressed in this article are the authors own and do not necessarily reflect Al Jazeeras editorial stance. The Hazaras had darker skin, flattened noses, and slanted eyes. They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors. Because of the contrasting history of the two groups, their responses to the Talibans takeover of Kabul were complete opposites. id="publication-detail-page" Hundreds have died in the attacks, which have targeted Hazara protests, Shiite mosques, and shrines. Their official languages Pashto and Dari belong to Indo-Iranian (Indo-European) family. The understanding was that the Taliban will not be harmed by the Hazaras while members of Hazara militias, too, will refrain from traveling to regions controlled by the Taliban, Mutmaeen told Radio Free Afghanistan. Why can the Pashtuns and Hazara people be together? Dont give wrong information. Etymology. He waged a brutal war against the community, which resulted in bloody "massacres, looting and pillaging of homes, enslavement" and the transfer of Hazara . As one of the largest ethnic groups in Afghanistan, the Hazara people have enduredvarious forms of oppressionfrom Pashtun rulers and governments, including slavery, systematic expulsion from ancestral homes and lands, and massacres. The Hazaras are also seen as the weakest and poorest race in Afghanistan, so that they are easily subjected to be killed, insulted, and tortured by Pashtuns. Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. To make matters confusing, though, Pashtuns are Sunni Muslims and Hazaras are Shi'a Muslims. The Hazaras are also seen as the weakest and poorest race in Afghanistan, so that they are easily subjected to be killed, insulted, and tortured by Pashtuns. "They [IS] were attempting to pave the way for an ethnic war between Afghan ethnic groups, which prompted the Taliban to intervene.". Sadly, Afghanistan is a place people are familiar with for the wrong reasons, however The Kite Runner shows a different side of the country that you will regret not reading. (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({}); Fake info, the most hazaras are soennie muslim. Later in the book, Hassan and his wife are staying at Babas old house. The Hazara speak an eastern variety of Persian called Hazaragi with many Mongolian and Turkic words. If there was no fight between the Hazara and Pashtun people, then Baba would have been . They generally reside in Southeastern Afghanistan and northwestern Pakistan. Hazara men wear vests, turbans, and sweaters over the perahan-u-tunban. The most recent figures on the ethnic affiliations come from a survey conducted by the Asia Foundation in 2014. But the Taliban recently began targeting Hazara-inhabited regions in the central provinces of Uruzgan and Ghazni. That is why people, like Assef, thought that they could treat . Other reason why the Hazaras have been discriminated by Pashtun is their appearance that look like Chinese people. The majority are Shia, most are Twe View the full answer Previous question Next question Hazaras are an ultimately low class in Afghanistan with very minimal rights. 27 Jun 2016. Assef bullies Hassan to show him his place as a minority in Afghanistan. Hazara youth were quick to embrace all forms of education and emerged at the forefront of social change initiatives, while Hazara women pushed for womens emancipation. Highlighting the power relations between the Hazaras and the Pashtuns who benefited from the extension of state authority into Hazara areas, Canfield (1972, p.6) described the process as the 'effective subjugation of one ethnic group by another, and of one religious sect by another - a situation, which I suggest, progressively appears more . The numbers may vary from one region to the another. In the past, Shujaee, a former commander in the U.S.-funded Afghan Local Police, was accused of grave rights violations and faced arrest orders from the central government for the atrocities he committed. In early June, 25 Hazara men and women travelling in the northern province of Saripul were taken hostage by armed attackers. Some of the ethnic groups of the Afghanistan are Pashtun, Tajik, Hazara, Uzbek, Aimak, Turkmen, Baloch, Pashai and many more. They both come from different sections of the society, therefore they vary in various aspects which are discussed in this article. Millions of people around the world are discriminated against, but Hazaras and Shias especially know the struggle of this, constantly being put at the bottom of the social class and knowing unfair treatment all too well. Those living in rural areas were denied public services. The return of the Taliban to power in Kabul has meant not only a rollback of the limited social gains the Hazaras had achieved, but also new atrocities against the community. What is more, the group has also clearly declared that it will only accept Hanafi jurisprudence, which would effectively precludeany accommodation of the Shia Islamic law and valuesfollowed by Hazaras. Until recent decades, few attended university or held government positions. Yet in the following years, the political space they were given in the country did not reflect the proportion of the population they constituted. According to the representative survey, 43% of the population identifies as Pashtun, 27% as Tajik, 15% as Hazara, 8% as Uzbek, 2% as . Whether the Buddhas should and can be rebuilt remains contested. The Sunni and Shia use the same religious text, the Quran, however they have different beliefs about the teachings of Mohammed and later philosophers outside of the Quran. During the countrys civil war and subsequent Taliban rule during the 1990s, the Taliban declared war on the Hazara. As the Taliban gained large swathes of rural territories in recent years, they have postured as a national movement capable of replacing the current Afghan government. Hazara MPs boycott the parliament's sessions. 2020 marks both the International Year of the Nurse and Florence Nightingale's 200th birthday, making it the perfect time to recognize and celebrate the brave and selfless nurses all over the world. Afghan authorities say the recent fighting has forced more than 1,000 Hazara families to seek shelter in the city of Ghazni, the capital of the province with the same name. To support their claims, the Taliban have recruited disgruntled ethnic Tajiks and Uzbeks. Pashtuns (also spelled as Pushtun, Pakhtun, Pashtoon, Pathan) form Afghanistans largest ethnic group. They largely avoided interfering in each others affairs during all these years.. A Taliban report at the time said the IS militants were killed because they were attempting to foment an ethnic war by targeting Hazaras. Difference between Hazara and Pashtun. It is estimated that Hazarajat lost some 60 percent of its population to ethnic cleansing, which has led some scholars to term the carnage a genocide. The Hazaras were though of as servants or less than most during this time in Afghanistan. Lastly, Hazaras are mainly Shi'a Muslims. The fighting was apparently provoked by the breakdown of a longstanding agreement between the two, according to former Taliban members and Ghazni locals. Hazaras mostly follow Shia version of Islam. The etymology of the word "Hazara" remains disputed, but some have differing opinions on the term. Khaled Hosseinis first novel, The Kite Runner, comments on the social conditions of Afghanistan through telling a story about the lives of two Muslim boys; a privileged Sunni Pashtun, Amir, and his long-time friend and servant, Hassan, a loyal but disadvantaged Shia Hazara. 4, 2016. As every year around this time, violent clashes have erupted between local Hazaras and incoming Pashtun Kuchis in the pastures of Eastern Hazajarat. Even though Amir and Hassan have grown up together in the novel, there is a noticeable difference between them. The Hazara were largely autonomous until the 1890s. Also the two groups have different ethnic cultures as well as speak different languages. The Hazaras have been persecuted by Pashtun leaders, civil warlords, the Taliban, ISIS and others due to their Shi'a Muslim beliefs. Hosseini breaks down post 9/11 stereotypes by showing that a person's socio-economic class or ethnic group does not determine their ability to form friendships, feel guilt and seek redemption. Hazaras believe in the superstitions that are common in the country. The Hazaras are said to be descendants of Genghis Khan, the founder of the Mongol empire, and the Mongol soldiers who swept through the region in the 13th century. Pashtuns and Hazaras differ in terms of religious beliefs, cultural practices, social status, and physical appearances. They generally reside in Southeastern Afghanistan and northwestern Pakistan. By creating tense situations that originate, whether consciously or subconsciously within the characters, the author uses these conflicts to illustrate the impacts that stem from the masculine stereotypes associated with Afghan culture, the dire need for a fathers approval, and the ongoing effects of a childs jealousy. Understanding the differences between these two groups helps you understand the relationships in the story. Lets get united and defend our land and love ones from our enemies. Pashtun as the majority race and ethnic in Afghanistan is Sunni Moslem while Hazara is Shi'a. the real subcontient and desis of Pakistan are my fellow Punjabi and Sindhi country men. Majority are Shia,mostly of theTwelversect, whilesomeareIsmaili and Sunni. Afghanistan is a multiethnic society consisting of a wide variety of ethno linguistic groups. In Afghanistan, the Hazaras have been racially oppressed since the time that they arrived. = 768 && window.innerWidth<1180" Hazaras speak a dialect of Dari (Farsi dialect) called Hazaragi and the vast majority follow the Shia sect (Twelver Imami) of Islam. Although discrimination in the country continued, the community was able to participate in public life much more freely. The Pashtuns had lighter skin, hair and eyes. This connection manifests in the relationship between Amir and Hassan, though Amir is true to Hassan in private, he feels the need to relate to Hassan according to the prevailing social hierarchy in public. The Kite Runner by Khaled Hosseini, although fiction, engages and allows the reader to have an inside view on the Afghani religion and culture. June 22, 2022 . Hasan also is not educated like Amir, and neither Amir nor Hassan question that. Paul Kane High School - English 30-1 - Kite Runner, Pashtun and Hazara are two words that are use a fair amount in the novel. Key Difference: Hazaras are members of an Afghan ethnic minority group, whereas the Pashtuns are a united group of tribes composing the largest ethnic group of Afghanistan. The 2004 Afghanistan Constitution ( PDF ) granted Hazaras equal rights, and they were well-represented in the administration of former Afghan President Hamid Karzai. Moreover, racial discrimination in The Kite Runner causes some bad impacts to psychological health as well as to society. Another bombing of a Hazara mosque in Kandahar killed at least 47 people and wounded scores of others. Storytelling is a traditional Hazara habit. The Hazaras form a minority group of Afghanistan, and thus are persecuted by the majority groups. Hazara activists say the government does not protect the interests of the Hazaras. 5 Whats the difference between a Pashtun and an Afghan? The relationship between Pashtuns and Punjabis in Pakistan is different from and yet comparable to the relationship between Hazaras and Pashtuns in Afghanistan. The social hierarchy that declares the Hazara people below Amir, shows how the long history of discrimination is hard to overcome. This man, he said, was the main contact between Hazaras and the insurgents in Jaghori. These gains in education and social standing have encouraged the community to mobilise and demand an end to discrimination and a greater political space. Violence in the kite runner is one of the biggest factors that shapes Amirs life. Due to Hassan being a Hazara, Baba avoids social embarrassment by not exposing the truth of Hassan being his son. Hazaras women produce handmade coats, overcoats, sweaters, jackets, shoes, hats, gloves, and scarves. The Pashtun dancers But Uzbeks, Turkmens, Kyrghyz etc. In the late 19th century, Pashtun ruler Abdur Rahman Khan sought to bring the Hazara people in their homeland of Hazarajat under his rule. In the novel ,The Kite Runner by Khaled Hosseini, the main character Amir is a coward. Their major divide is over how leadership of Islam should be determined. Concentrated in the mountainous central region of Afghanistan. There has never been any written or unwritten agreement or understanding between the Taliban and the Hazaras, he told Radio Free Afghanistan. The overwhelming majority ofPashtunsfollowSunniIslam. Before the Taliban took over Kabul, Assef tormented Hassan and Amir because Hassan was a Hazara and Amir Associated himself with Hassan. Hazaras and Pushtons are two different ethnic groups of Afghanistan. How to Market Your Business with Webinars. There is a serious conflict between these two groups which started shortly after the founding of Afghanistan in 1747. Difference Between | Descriptive Analysis and Comparisons, Counterintelligence Investigation vs Criminal Investigation. Shujae had gone into the areas the Taliban had banned him from traveling to. In reality Amir is Hassans owner. Additionally, Hassan would have never been raped by Assef, because Assef would have never had the idea to be racist towards Hassan.